You can say that animals have consciousness: Non-human primates are used for studies of the human model of consciousness. There are other conscious animal species as well, but human consciousness is different than animal consciousness. The rest of the waste material is removed from the body through the anus.No, we are not the only species which could think, dream or feel, īut we are the only species that are self-aware. The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where more villi absorb water from this unabsorbed food. The villi are profusely supplied with the blood vessels the villi take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body, where it is utilized for obtaining energy, repairing of old tissues, and building up new tissues. Villi increase the surface area for absorption. numerous finger-like projections known as villi. The inner lining of the small intestine has typical features i.e. The walls of the small intestine comprise glands, which secrete intestinal juice.įurther, the digested food is taken up by the walls of the intestine. The small intestine (shown in the image above) is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The gastric glands release hydrochloric acid, a protein digesting enzyme known as pepsin, and mucus. The muscular walls of the stomach support in mixing the food thoroughly in the presence of more digestive juices.įurther, the digestive functions are taken care by the gastric glands, which is present in the wall of the stomach. Starch is a complex molecule.Īfter the mouth, the food is taken to the stomach through the food-pipe known as oesophagus. The saliva contains an enzyme known as salivary amylase this salivary amylase breaks down the starch to give sugar. Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands. When we eat any food stuff that we like, our mouth ‘waters,’ which is not only water, but also mixed with a fluid known as saliva. The alimentary canal, starting from the mount to the anus, is fundamentally a long tube and accountable for the whole nutrition process.Īs shown in the image below, the alimentary canal has different parts that play different functions. The finger-like extensions of the cell surface fuse over the food particle and form a food-vacuole (see the image given below). There are different sources of heterotrophic nutrition however, the nutrition, which is derived from the autotrophic organisms is known as heterotrophic nutrition.įor example, Amoeba (a unicellular organism) takes in food by using temporary finger-like extensions of the cell surface. And, finally carbon dioxide is reduced to hydrogen.Ī cross-section of a leaf is shown in the above image in the above image, green dots are cell organelles, which are known as chloroplasts the chloroplasts contain chlorophyll. Usually, green leaves are responsible for the photosynthesis process.ĭuring the photosynthesis process, the chlorophylls present in the leaves, absorb the light energy and convert it (light energy) into chemical energy and split the water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The final product carbohydrates provide energy to the plant. Photosynthesis is a process by which autotrophic organisms (green plants) take in substances from the outside and then convert them into stored forms of energy.ĭuring the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water, are converted into carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. The autotrophic nutrition is prepared through the process of photosynthesis. These foods provide us nutrition essential for our survival.ĭepending upon the sources, nutrition is categorized as Autotrophic Nutrition and Heterotrophic Nutrition. The ultimate source of energy is varieties of healthy foods. We need energy from outside in order to grow, develop, synthesize protein, and other substances. Healthy food is the best source of such energy. The maintenance processes protect us from damage and break-down however, to keep these maintenance processes working properly, we need to provide energy to them. The processes, which collectively perform the maintenance of our body system, are known as life processes. Biology Notes for UPSC IAS Prelims (Part I).
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